• Permanent tissues are derivatives of meristematic tissue
• They are mature tissue and the cell have lost the capacity of cell division.

Types of permanent tissue

1. Simple permanent tissue
2. Complex permanent tissue
3. Secretory tissue

1. Simple permanent tissue

• Simple permanent tissue is composed of single type of cells which have similar origin, structure and function.

Types of simple permanent tissue

I.  Parenchyma

II. Collenchyma

III. Sclerenchyma

I. Parenchyma

Characteristics of parenchyma tissue

• Living tissue
• Shape: each cell is spherical, oval, rectangular, polygonal, elongated or irregular in shape
• Cell wall: thin walled made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin
• Young Parenchymatous cells are loosely arranged
• Intercellular space : present
• Food storage: cell store reserve food material
• Parenchyma is found in all parts of plant such as cortex, pith, palisade, mesophyll, flower, seed etc
• It is also found in vascular tissues.

Types of parenchyma tissue

i. Prosenchyma: it is long and tapering parenchymatous cell present in some plants. Eg pericylce

ii. Aerenchyma: it is a type of parenchyma cell having large intercellular air space. Eg present in cortex of hydrophytes

iii. Chlorenchyma: it is a parecnhyma cell containing chloroplasts. Eg present in palisade of leaves and helps in photosynthesis

Function of parenchyma tissue:

• Photosynthesis: chlorenchyma contains chloroplast which helps in photosynthesis
• Storage: parenchyma cell stores food in the form of starch, proteins, oils and fats.
• Buoyancy: helps in floating of aquatic plants due to presence of aerenchyma tissue
• Secretion: Idioblastic cell secretes resins, latex, tannin, oils etc
• Transport: parenchyma of xylem and phloem helps in transport of nutrition and water.
• Mechanical support: Prosenchyma tissue provide mechanical support.

II. Collenchyma

Characteristics of collenchyma tissue:

• Living tissue
• Shape: each cell is somewhat elongated
• Cell wall: thick walled due to deposition of hemicellulose and pectin in intercellular space
• Intercellular space: present or absent

Types of collenchyma tissue:

i. Angular collenchyma: thick cell wall at corner of cell; without intercellular space

ii. Lacunar collenchyma: thick wall at boarder of cell; large intercellular space

iii. Plate or lamellar collenchyma: thick wall at tangential wall; without intercellular space

Functions of collenchyma tissue

• Mechanical support: It is living mechanical tissue
• Photosynthesis: It contain chloroplast and carry out photosynthesis.

III. Sclerenchyma

Characteristics of Sclerenchyma:

• Dead tissue
• Shape: elongated and pointed at both end
• Cell wall: thick and lignified
• Cell lack protoplasm
• It gives strength and rigidity to the plant body

Types of sclerenchyma tissue

i. Fibres:

• it is thick walled,long and pointed dead cell
• Cell wall contains simple, oblique or bordered pits.
• Present in xylem, covering of fruits
• Gives mechanical supports

ii. Sclereids (stone cell):

• extremely thick walled cell with spherical, oval or dumbbell shape.
• Cell wall contains simple pits
• Present in hard part of plants, pulp of fruits
• Provide local mechanical supports

Function of sclerenchyma tissue

• Mechanical support: sclerenchyma is made up of dead and lignified cells which provides support to plants.
• Provides hardness to stony fruits such as nuts, coconut, almond etc

2. Complex permanent tissue

• Complex permanent tissue is composed of two or more than two types of cells and contribute to a common function.
• It is also known as vascular tissue

Types of complex tissue:

I. Xylem

II. Phloem

I. Xylem

• The function of xylem is to transport water and minerals from the root to the leaves of plants.
• It also provides support to plants.
• Xylem is also known as wood
• Xylem is composed of four types of cells-Tracheids, Vessels, Xylem fibres and Xylem parenchyma.

i. Trachieds:

• Trachieds are elongated cell with tapering end
• They are dead cells with lignified cell wall
• Function: conduction of water and minerals from root to leaves and also provide mechanical support
• Types: annular, spiral, reticular, sclariform and pitted

ii. Vessels:

• Vessels are long, cylindrical, tube like dead cells
• Vessels are main element of xylem for conduction

iii. Xylem fibres:

• They are sclerenchymatous cell
• They are dead cells
• They provide mechanical support

iv. Xylem Parenchyma:

• They are parenchymatous cell
• They are living cells
• Function: storage of food in the form of starch or fat

II. Pholem

• Phloem is responsible for the conduction or transport of organic food synthesized by the s to different part of plant body.
• Phloem is also known as bast.
• Phloem is composed of four types of cells-Sieve tubes, Companion cells, Phloem parenchyma and Bast fibres

i. Sieve tubes

• They are tube like structure composed of elongated cell arranged by end to end
• Sieve element or cell lack nucleus
• Function: transport of organic food from leaves to different parts

ii. Companion cells:

• They are thin walled, elongated living cells.
• Each cell contains large nucleus
• Companion cell are present only in angiosperm
• Function: support sieve cell in conduction of food.

iii. Phloem parenchyma:

• They are living parenchymatous cells
• Function: storage of food in the form of starch or fat. It also store tannin and resins

iv. Bast fibres:

• They are sclerenchymatous cell.
• They are dead cells.
• Function: mechanical supports

3. Secretory tissues

• Secretory tissues are specialized tissue having secretory functions
• They secretes various types of chemicals.

Types of secretory tissue

I. Lactiferous tissues:

• It is thin walled tubes like tissue which produce latex (milky juice).
• They are parenchymatous cells
• Some plants having these tissue are Ficus (Bar, Peepal), Euphorbia (Lalupate), Rubber plant, Papaya, etc.

II. Glandular tissue:

• This tissue forms glandular structure which secrete or excrete chemical substances.
• These glands are present on the epidermis
• Some plant having glandular tissue are Betel plant (mucilage), lemon , orange (oil), Sundew, Venus fly, Pitcher plant etc

Permanent tissue: characteristics, types and functions

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• (Greek word; meristos- means “divisible”)
• Meristematic tissue is a group of cells that has power of continuous division.
• Cells are immature and young
• Meristematic tissue is commonly called as meristems.
• Shape of cell: each cell is oval, rounded, polygonal or rectangular
• Size: small
• Intercellular space: Absent
• Cell wall: thin walled made up of cellulose
• Nucleus: single large and prominent
• Reserved food: cell do not store food
• Cell division: high capacity and continuous
• Metabolic activity: very high

Types of Meristematic tissue

1.  Based on origin
2. Based on position
3. Based on function

1. Types of meristematic tissue on the basis of origin:

i. Promeristem (primodial meristem)

ii. Primary meristem

iii. Secondary meristem

Promeristem:

• Origin: embryonic origin
• It is earliest and youngest meristematic tissue
• It is present in growing root and shoot tip.
• It give rises to primary meristem,

Primary meristem:

• Origin: from Promeristem
• Cell are always active and dividing
• Present below promeristem in the shoot and root tip, and also in intercalary position
• It give rises to secondary meristem, and primary permanent tissue.

Secondary meristem:

• Origin: from primary meristem
• It is developed later on life
• It give rises to secondary permanent tissue

2. Types of Meristematic tissue on the basis of position:

i. Apical meristem

ii. Intercalary meristem

iii. Lateral meristem

Apical Meristem:

• Position: present at apical parts of plant such as root tip and shoot tip
• It helps in increase in height of plants.
• Apical meristem has two distinct zone:
• Promeristem zone: contains group of dividing cell (apical initials)
• Meristematic zone: contains protoderms (epiderm), procambium (primary vascular tissue) and ground meristem (cortex and pith).

Intercalary Meristem:

• Position: present in intercalary position in the leaves and internode
• It is a part of apical meristem
• It also adds to height of plants
• Commonly present in monocots, grass and pines

Lateral Meristem:

• Position: present on lateral side of stem and root
• It helps in increases the diameter or thickness of plants.
• Example: vascular cambium (primary meristem) and cork cambium (secondary meristem)

3. Types of meristematic tissue on the basis of function:

i. Protoderm

ii. Procambium

iii. Ground meristem

Protoderm:

• Function: protection from mechanical injury
• It gives rise to epidermis layer.
• It is the outermost meristematic tissue

Procambium:

• Function: transport of water and nutrition
• It gives rise to vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
• It is the innermost meristematic tissue

Ground meristem:

• Function: various functions
• It gives rise to cortex, endodermis, pericycle and pith in dicot and hypodermis, ground tissue in monocot.

Meristematic tissue: characteristics, types and function

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