A] Classification on the basis of nucleic acid

B] Classification on the basis of structure or symmetry

C] Classification on the basis of replication properties and site of replication

D] Classification on the basis of host range

E] Classification on the basis of mode of transmission

Classification of virus on the basis of nucleic acid

1. DNA virus:

• viral genome is DNA

i) Double stranded DNA virus: eg. Adenovirus, Herpesvirus

ii) Single stranded DNA virus: eg. Parvovirus, φ174 virus

2. RNA virus:

• genome is RNA

i) Double stranded RNA virus: eg. Reo virus

ii) Single stranded RNA virus: these are further classified into two groups

• Positive sense RNA (+RNA): Polio virus, Hepatitis A
• Negative sense RNA (-RNA): Rabies virus, Influenza virus

Some examples of DNA and RNA viruses:

Classification of virus on the basis of structure

1. Cubical virus:

• they are also known as icosahedral symmetry virus
• Eg. Reo virus, Picorna virus

2. Spiral virus:

• they are also known as helical symmetry virus
• Eg. Paramyxovirus, orthomyxovirus

3. Radial symmetry virus:

• eg.Bacteriophage

4. Complex virus:

• eg. Pox virus

Classification of virus on the basis of replication properties and site of replication

1. Replication and assembly in cytoplasm of host:

• Eg. All RNA virus replicate and assemble in cytoplasm of host cell except Influenza virus

2. Replication in nucleus and assembly in cytoplasm of host:

• Eg. Influenza virus, Pox virus

3. Replication and assembly in nucleus of host:

• All DNA viruses replicate and assemble in nucleus of host cell except Pox virus.

4. Virus replication through ds DNA intermediate:

• Eg. All DNA virus, Retro virus and some tumor causing RNA virus replicates through ds DNA as intermediates.

5. Virus replication through ss RNA intermediate:

• Eg. All RNA virus except Reo virus and tumor causing RNA viruses.

Classification of virus on the basis of host range:

1. Bacteriophage:

• Phage are virus infecting bacteria. Eg,  λ phage, T2, T4, φ174, MV-11

2. Plant virus:

• Those virus that infects plants. Eg. TMV, cauliflower mosaic virus

3. Animal virus:

• Those virus that infects animals. Eg. Polio virus, Retro virus, Herpes virus, Adeno virus

4. Insect virus:

• Virus that infects insects. Eg. Baculovirus, Sacbrood virus, Entomopox virus, Granulosis virus

Classification of virus on the basis of mode of transmission:

1. Virus transmitted through respiratory route:

• Eg, Swine flu, Rhino virus

2. Virus transmitted through faeco-oral route:

• Eg. Hepatitis A virus, Polio virus, Rota virus

3. Virus transmitted through sexual contacts:

• Eg. Retro virus

4. Virus transmitted through blood transfusion:

• Eg. Hepatitis B virus, HIV

5. Zoonotic virus:

• virus transmitted through biting of infected animals;
• Eg. Rabies virus, Alpha virus, Flavi virus

Classification of virus

The post Classification of virus appeared first on Online Biology Notes.

A. on the basis of mode of nutrition

B. on the basis of optimum temperature requirement for growth

C. on the basis of optimal pH for growth

D. on the basis of salt concentration

E. on the basis of gaseous requirement

F. on the basis of morphology

G. on the basis of gram staining

H. on the basis of flagella

I. on the basis of spore

A] Classification of bacteria on the basis of mode of nutrition

1. Phototrops:

• Those bacteria which gain energy from light
• Phototrops are further divided into two groups on the basis of source of electron.
  • Photolithotrops: these bacteria gain energy from light and uses reduced inorganic compounds such as H2S as electron source. Eg. Chromatium okenii
  • Photoorganotrops: these bacteria gain energy from light and uses organic compounds such as succinate as electron source.

2. Chemotrops:

• Those bacteria gain energy from chemical compounds
• They cannot carry out photosynthesis
• Chemotrops are further divided into two groups on the basis of source of electron.
  • Chemolithotrops: they gain energy from oxidation of chemical compound and reduces inorganic compounds such as NH3 as electron source. Eg. Nitrosomonas
  • Chemoorganotrops: they gain energy from chemical compounds and uses organic compound such as glucose and amino acids as source of electron. eg. Pseudomonas pseudoflava

3. Autotrops:

• Those bacteria which uses carbondioxide as sole source of carbon to prepare its own food.
• Autotrops are divide into two types on the basis of energy utilized to assimilate carbondioxide. Ie. Photoautotrops and chemoautotrops
  • Photoautotrops: they utilized light to assimilate CO2. They are further divided into two group on the basis of electron sources. Ie. Photolithotropic autotrops and Photoorganotropic autotrops
  • Chemoautotrops: they utilize chemical energy for assimilation of CO2

4. Heterotrops:

• Those bacteria which uses organic compound as carbon source
• They lack the ability to fix CO2
• Most of the human pathogenic bacteria are heterotropic in nature
• Some heterotrops are simple, because they have simple nutritional requirement. However there are some bacteria that require special nutrients for their growth; known as fastidious heterotrops.

B] Classification of bacteria on the basis of optimum temperature of growth

1. Psychrophiles:

• Bacteria that can grow at 0°C or below but the optimum temperature of growth is 15 °C or below and maximum temperature is 20°C are called psychrophiles
• Psychrophiles have polyunsaturated fattyacids in their cell membrane which gives fluid nature to the cell membrane even at lower temperature.
• Examples: Vibrio psychroerythrus, vibrio marinus, Polaromonas vaculata, Psychroflexus

2. Psychrotrops (facultative psychrophiles):

• Those bacteria that can grow even at 0°C but optimum temperature for growth is (20-30)°C

3. Mesophiles:

• Those bacteria that can grow best between (25-40)C but optimum temperature for growth is 37C
• Most of the human pathogens are mesophilic in nature
• Examples: E. coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Staphulococci

4. Thermophiles:

• Those bacteria that can best grow above 45C.
• Thermophiles capable of growing in mesophilic range are called facultative thermophiles.
• True thermophiles are called as Stenothermophiles, they are obligate thermophiles,
• Thermophils contains saturated fattyacids in their cell membrane so their cell membrane does not become too fluid even at higher temperature.
• Examples: Streptococcus thermophiles, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Thermus aquaticus,

5. Hypethermophiles:

• Those bacteria that have optimum temperature of growth above 80C.
• Mostly Archeobacteria are hyperthermophiles.
• Monolayer cell membrane of Archeobacteria is more resistant to heat and they adopt to grow in higher remperature.
• Examples: Thermodesulfobacterium, Aquifex, Pyrolobus fumari, Thermotoga

C] Classification of bacteria on the basis of optimum pH of growth

1. Acidophiles:

• Those bacteria that grow best at acidic pH
• The cytoplasm of these bacteria are acidic in nature.
• Some acidopiles are thermophilic in nature, such bacteria are called Thermoacidophiles.
• Examples: Thiobacillus thioxidans, Thiobacillus, ferroxidans, Thermoplasma, Sulfolobus

2. Alkaliphiles:

• Those bacteria that grow best at alkaline pH
• Example: vibrio cholerae: optimum pH of growth is 8.2

3. Neutriphiles:

• Those bacteria that grow best at neutral pH (6.5-7.5)
• Most of the bacteria grow at neutral pH
• Example: E. coli

D] Classification of bacteria on the basis of salt requirement

1. Halophiles:

• Those bacteria that require high concentration of NaCl for growth.
• Cell membrane of halophilic bacteria is made up of glycoprotein with high content of negatively (-Ve) charged glutamic acid and aspartic acids. So high concentration of Na+ ion concentration is required to shield the –ve charge.
• Example: Archeobacteria, Halobacterium, Halococcus

2. Halotolerant:

• Most of the bacteria do not require NaCl but can tolerate low concentration of NaCl in growth media are called halotolerant

E] Classification of bacteria on the basis of gaseous requirement

1. Obligate aerobes:

• Those bacteria that require oxygen and cannot grow in the absence of O2.
• These bacteria carryout only oxidative type of metabolism.
• Examples; Mycobacterium, Bacillus

2. Facultative anaerobes:

• Those bacteria that do not require O2 but can use it if available.
• Growth of these bacteria become better in presence of O2
• These bacteria carryout both oxidative and fermentative type of metabolism
• Examples: coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella

3. Aerotolerant anaerobes;

• Those bacteria do not require O2 for growth but can tolerate the presence of O2.
• Growth of these bacteria is not affected by the presence of O2.
• These bacteria have only fermentative type of metabolism.
• Example: lactobacillus

4. Microaerophiles:

• Those bacteria that grow on low concentration of Oxygen but At atmospheric level of Oxygen growth of these bacteria is inhibited.
• These bacteria only have oxidative type of metabolism
• Example: Campylobacter

5. Obligate anaerobes:

• Those bacteria that can grow only in absence of Oxygen.
• Oxygen is harmful to obligate anaerobes
• These bacteria have only fermentative type of metabolism
• Examples: Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Slostridium, methanococcus

6. Capnophiles:

• Those bacteria that require carbondioxide for growth.
• They are CO2 loving organism
• Most of the microaerophiles are capnophilic in nature.
• Example: Campylobacter, Helicobacter pylori, Brucella abortus

F] Classification of bacteria on the basis of Morphology

1. Coccus:

• These bacteria are spherical or oval in shape
• On the basis of arrangement, cocci are further classified as-
• i) Diplococcus: coccus in pair. Eg, Neissseria gonorrhoae, Pneumococcus
• ii) Streptococcus: coccus in chain. Eg. Streptococcus salivarius
• iii) Staphylococcus: coccus in bunch. Eg. Staphylococcus aureus
• iv) Tetrad: coccus in group of four.
• v) Sarcina: cocus in cubical arrangement of cell. Eg. Sporosarcina

2. Bacilli:

• These are rod shaped bacteria
• On the basis of arrangement, bacilli are further classified as-
• i) Coccobacilli: Eg. Brucella
• ii) Streptobacilli: chain of rod shape bacteria: Eg. Bacillus subtilis,
• iii) Comma shaped: Eg. Vibrio cholarae
• iv) Chinese letter shaped: Corynebacterium dephtherae

3. Mycoplasma

• They are cell wall lacking bacteria
• Also known as PPLO (Pleuropneumonia like organism)
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae

4. Spirochaetes:

• They are spiral shaped bacteria
• Spirochaetes

5. Rickettsiae and Chlamydiae;

• They are obligate intracellular parasites resemble more closely to viruses than bacteria

6. Actinomycetes

• They have filamentous or branching structure
• They resemble more closely to Fungi than bacteria
• Example: Streptomyces

G] Classification of bacteria on the basis of Gran staining

1. Gram positive bacteria:

• cell wall of these bacteria is composed of peptidoglycan layer only.
• Eg. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, micrococcus

2. Gram negative bacteria:

• cell wall of these bacteria is composed of Peptidoglycan and outer membrane.
• Eg. E. coli, Salmonella

H] Classification of bacteria on the basis of Flagella

1. Monotrichous bacteria:

• bacteria having single flagella in one end of cell.
• eg. Vibrio cholera, Pseudomonas aerogenosa

2. Lophotrichous bacteria:

• bacteria having bundle of flagella in one end of cell.
• eg. Pseudomanas fluroscence

3. Amphitrichous bacteria:

• bacteria having single or cluster of flagella at both end of cell.
• eg. Aquaspirillium

4. Peritrichous bacteria:

• bacteria having flagella all over the cell surface.
• Eg. E.coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella

5. Atrichous bacteria:

• bacteria without flagella.
• Eg. Shigella

I] Classification of bacteria on the basis of Spore

1. Spore forming bacteria:

• Those bacteria that produce spore during unfavorable condition.
• These are further divided into two group

i) Endospore forming bacteria:

• Spore produced within the bacterial cell.
• Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina etc

ii) Exospore forming bacteria:

• Spore produced outside the cell
• Methylosinus

2. Non sporing bacteria:

• those bacteria which do not produce spore.
• Eg. E. coli, Salmonella

Classification of bacteria

The post Classification of bacteria appeared first on Online Biology Notes.